ULTRA-CLEAN OSCILLATORS
Playback of wavetables requires digital resampling to play different frequencies. Without considerable care and a whole lot of number crunching, this process will create audible artifacts. Artifacts mean that you are (perhaps unknowingly) crowding your mix with unwanted tones / frequencies. Many popular wavetable synthesizers are astonishingly bad at suppressing artifacts - even on a high-quality setting some create artifacts as high as -36 dB to -60 dB (level difference between fundamental on artifacts) which is well audible, and furthermore often dampening the highest wanted audible frequencies in the process, to try and suppress this unwanted sound. In Serum, the native-mode (default) playback of oscillators operates with an ultra high-precision resampling, yielding an astonishingly inaudible signal-to-noise (for instance, -150 dB on a sawtooth played at 1 Khz at 44100)! This requires a lot of calculations, so Serum’s oscillator playback has been aggressively optimized using SSE2 instructions to allow for this high-quality playback without taxing your CPU any more than the typical (decent quality) soft synth already does. Load up Serum and we think you’ll be able to notice both what you hear (solid high frequencies, extending flat all the way up to the limits of hearing) as well as what you don’t hear (no unwanted mud or aliasing gibberish- just good, clean sound).
Comparison of LAK cell lytic activity: AIM V Medium versus human serum–supplemented medium. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were cultured in RPMI-1640 with 1,000 units/mL of IL-2 plus 2% human serum type AB. Human PBLs were also cultured in serum. . added: default oversampling level now (optionally) can be set in Serum.cfg fle (otherwise 2x as usual). added: WT Editor-Add/Remove menu-Reduce submenu: thins the number of frames, in order to easily keep only every th frame.
Sample preparation methods
- Serum will let you stack a single oscillator to use up to 16 voices. Each of the wavetable oscillators have a number of unison advanced parameters. Stack settings allow for note (e.g. Octave) layering to get a.
- You're in luck with Serum, though. You can map the Preset up and down buttons to a MIDI note or CC. Edit the last part of Serum.cfg to this: MIDI CC for loading, not recommended so you don’t accidentally ‘lose work’.
- Calculation of diversity for our library and comparison with two other microarray platforms, the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG) mammalian array 5.2 and the library of Feizi at Imperial College London, resulted in very similar scores (MPS: 0.643; CFG: 0.645; Feizi: 0.641). The diversity score is the average over all dissimilarities.
Cell culture supernatant
- Pipette cell culture media into a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 1,500 rpm for 10 min at 4°C.
- Immediately aliquot supernatant and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Cell extract
- Place tissue culture plates on ice.
- Aspirate medium and gently wash cells once with ice-cold PBS.
- Aspirate PBS and add 0.5 mL complete extraction buffer per 100 mm plate.
- Scrape cells to collect in tilted plate and remove to pre-chilled tube.
- Vortex briefly and incubate on ice for 15-30 min.
- Centrifuge at 13,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C to pellet insoluble contents.
- Aliquot supernatant (this is the soluble cell extract) to clean, chilled tubes on ice and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
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Conditioned medium
- Place cells in complete (serum-containing) growth medium and allow cells to proliferate to desired level of confluence.
- Remove growth medium and wash very gently with a few mL of warm PBS. Repeat wash step.
- Remove last PBS wash and gently add serum free growth medium.
- Incubate 1-2 days.
- Pipette medium into a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 1,500 rpm for 10 min at 4°C.
- Immediately aliquot supernatant and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Milk
- Collect samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 2 min at 4°C.
- Aliquot supernatant and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Plasma
- Collect whole blood into anti-coagulant containing tube, such as BD Vacutainer Coagulation tubes (Cat #: 363080/363080) or add 0.1 M sodium citrate to 1/10 final volume.
- Centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C.
- Immediately aliquot supernatant (plasma) and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Urine
- Collect samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 2 min at 4°C.
- Aliquot supernatant and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Saliva
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- Collect samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 2 min at 4°C.
- Aliquot supernatant and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Serum
- Collect whole blood in untreated test tube or, for example, an anti-coagulant free tube such as BD Vacutainer Serum tubes (Cat #: 367812).
- Incubate undisturbed at room temperature for 20 min.
- Centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C.
- Immediately aliquot supernatant (serum) and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Tissue extract
- Dissect the tissue of interest with clean tools, on ice preferably and as quickly as possible to prevent degradation by proteases.
- Place the tissue in round bottom microfuge tubes and immerse in liquid nitrogen to 'snap freeze'. Store samples at -80°C for later use or keep on ice for immediate homogenization.
- For a ~5 mg piece of tissue, add ~300 µL complete extraction buffer (see cell/tissue extraction buffer recipe) to the tube and homogenize with an electric homogenizer.
- Rinse the blade twice using 300 µL complete extraction buffer for each rinse, then maintain constant agitation for 2 hr at 4°C (e.g. place on an orbital shaker in the cold room).
- Centrifuge for 20 min at 13,000 rpm at 4°C. Place on ice, aliquot supernatant (this is the soluble protein extract) to a fresh, chilled tube and store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
Volumes of lysis buffer must be determined in relation to the amount of tissue present. Typical concentration of final protein extract is >1 mg/mL.
Volumes of lysis buffer must be determined in relation to the amount of tissue present. Typical concentration of final protein extract is >1 mg/mL.
Cell/tissue extraction buffer recipe
- 100 mM Tris, pH 7.4
- 150 mM NaCl
- 1 mM EGTA
- 1 mM EDTA
- 1% Triton X-100
- 0.5% Sodium deoxycholate
Serum Cfg Sims 4
Additional reagents required to produce complete extraction buffer.
- Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail
- Protease inhibitor cocktail
- PMSF
Serum Cfg Definition
Supplement the cell extraction buffer with phosphatase and protease inhibitor cocktails as described by manufacturer, and PMSF to 1 mM, immediately before use.
General recommendations
- Recommended protein extract concentration is at least 1-2 mg/mL.
- Typically, serum, plasma, cell and tissue extracts are diluted by 50% with binding buffer.
- Prior to use after thawing, centrifuge samples at 10,000 rpm for 5' at 4°C to remove any precipitate.
View more ELISA resources.
Serum Cfg Serum
ELISA guide